1.Chiffres
- Official language in 83 countries, widely spoken in 55 other countries
- Undercover = old-fashioned ≠ Nellie Bly, 1880 mental illness=> 1$ by NYC for asylum.
- Rise in journalism class in US (by 44% teacher)
- X is the most valuable social platform to journalists (83% journalist contre 40 pr facebook).
- Don’t count out radio just yet. Its programs actually reaches 86.3% of the US population aged 12 and over, every single week.
- Dramatic decline in print circulation 63.3 million in 1984 to 28.5 million in 2018
- Freelance journalism rates are still on the rise but very few make a living from it .
- The number of journalists in the world. \> au EU mais /> ailleurs
- The online spread of fake news. 49% of the people who shared fake news on social media only later found out
- Social media companies and control over the news. (62% of Americans think social media sites have too much control over news content.)
2. Histoire
- The earliest reference to a journalistic product comes from Rome circa 59 B.C. : the Acta Diurna
- China: During the Tang dynasty From 618 A.D. to 907 A.D. : the bao; For gouvernent
- La presse papier inventer par Gutenberg en 1450.
- Première Gazette en 1605 par Johann Carolus en 1605 à Strasbourg.
- Premier journal publié en anglais 1621 : The Weekly Newes From Foreign Parts (Nathaniel Butler) ->4 pages of mostly translated texts from other Dutch courants, and subjected to censorship.
- 1702 : The Daily Courant (Elizabeth Mollet) -> the first daily paper for public consumption.
3. Liberté d'expression:
Frist : Informer le public bloqué par le Gouv.
After: Litaracy of population -> Press />
1er E-U: droit de critiqué le Gouv 1735, 1787: 1st amendement
France : DDH 3ans après la révolution Press/>
-> Tereur press censuré jusqu'en 1881
4. Le times :
1785 création par John Walter à Londres "The daily universal register"
1788: The times
1803: Son fils le reprend: 1er à utiliser the electric telegraph + steam-driven cylinder press (Friedrich Koenig’s) +one of the first to send correspondents overseas to report on conflicts. (must famous Russell)
Aujourd'hui : “the Thunderer” + 2nd largest circulation in the UK + Currently owned by Rupert Murdoch + Influencial but officially not politically affiliated
5. Russell
Covered a lot of conflits
-> Public could read for the first time about the reality of warfare.
Globe-trotter
Dynamic and lively style : covered the Siege of Sevastopol "thin red line" in referring to British troops at Balaclava,
A nightmare for generals and politicians He retired as a battlefield correspondent in 1882 and founded the Army and Navy Gazette.
Was knighted 1895 He was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) by King Edward VII on 11 August 1902, a dynastic order handed out by the King without government interference.
Top English-speaking newspapers by circulation (World Atlas 2021): USA Today (n°3 – 4.139 M), The Times of India (n°9 – 2.836 M), The Wall, Street Journal (n°14 – 2.379 M), The New York Times (n°16 – 2.134 M)
Most popular news channels (2020): BBC World News (GB), Fox News (US), CNN (US), Sky News (GB), MSNBC (US)
Most popular social networks (2020), FB 2.853 , YouTube 2.291bn, WhatsApp, Insta, FB Messenger , TikTok
