Biology - Photosynthesis.

Explanation : The chlorophyll in the chloroplast of the plants, absorbs the sun's energy and helps carbon dioxide ( which comes from the air ), and water ( which comes from the soil ), to react together, converting light energy into chemical energy. This then produces glucose and oxygen and provides energy for the plant.
Plants use :

Water - they get it from the soil ( by the vascular system )
Energy - from the sunlight
Carbon Dioxide - From the air

CHLOROPHYLL :

The energy in sunlight is captured by a green pigment called chlorophyll
It helps carbon dioxide and water to react together
It is kept in the chloroplast of cells

Definitions

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a biological process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, usually in the form of visible light, into chemical energy. This process takes place primarily in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll captures light. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and water (H2O) from the soil to produce carbohydrates (like glucose ).

To remember :

Word equation : Water + carbon dioxide ^{light energy}= Glucose + oxygen

EXPERIMENTS - 1: COLLECTING GAS PRODUCED

Explanation :

Fill a beaker with water
Place a water plant, and gently put a funnel on top
invert a test tube and place it on top of the other side of the funell
Leave it for a day
When gas has collected, remove the tube from the top of the funell
Put your thumb on the end to keep the gas inside, remove the water, but move your thumb just a bit, so that the gas still stays inside
Place a stopper, light a splint ( blow it out ), then test the gas with the splint, it will relight in the presence of oxygen.

REMEMBER: KEEP THE PLANT IN SUNLIGHT

EXPERIMENT 1

EXPERIMENT 2 : INVESTIGATING LIGHT INTENSITY

Method :

Place a water plant in a test tube filled with water
Place a lamp 5 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Place a lamp 10 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Place a lamp 15 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Notice how more bubbles are produced when the light source is closer
Conclusion : More light = + Rate Of Photosynthesis

WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IMPORTANT

Photosynthesis provides energy in the form of chemical energy ( in nutrients ) for most other organisms, and is the foundation of the food chain ( producers )
Oxygen is a waste product of the process photosynthesis - it is needed for human beings to respire
It regulates the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
It is an energy source for plants, so that can grow

Chloroplasts and chlorophyll

To remember :

Chlorophyll: captures energy from sunlight
It is kept in chloroplasts inside plant cells
Photosynthesis happens inside chloroplasts
Leaves have the most chloroplasts
Sometimes, plants make more glucose than they require, so they store it In the form of starch ( inside chloroplasts )
REMEMBER : Plants store glucose as starch as it is difficult to store, because it is a simple sugar - Dissolves in water easily - Will transpirate out of the plant with ease

EXPERIMENT 3 - TESTING FOR STARCH

Method :

Put some water in a beaker, and heat the water on a tripod
Take a healthy plant leaf and drop it in the water
Leave it for 2 mins, they collect ethanol in a large test tube
carefully drop the leaf into the test tube with ethanol
Stand the tube in hot water, the green pigment of the leaf should come out
Take the leaf out and dip it into warm water ( soften it )
Spread iodine solution over the leaf, if it has starch, it will go blue - black

To remember :

Iodine solution cannot get through cell membranes, this is why we boil the leaf ( it breaks the membrane apart ), so that the iodine can work.

Experiment 3

To remember :

chloroplasts are mainly inside the cells in the middle layers of the leaf - leaves are thin, so its easy for sunlight to reach these cells

STOMATA

Tiny holes in the leaf, which allow gasses to diffuse in and out.

MINERALS AND GROWTH

Why do farmers add fertilizer ?

They add it as, it helps the plant to grow larger, and farmers to produce a higher yield
Fertilizers contain minerals, that plants need in small quantities
When the soil doesn't contain enough, fertilizer needs to be added

Yield

In agriculture, "yield" refers to the quantity of product harvested.,

MAGNESIUM V.S NITRATE

MAGNESIUM :

Needed to make chlorophyll
Deprivition leads to yellow leaves, and bad growth

NITRATE :

Needed so that the plant can convert carbohydrates to proteins
Proteins are needed to make new cells,so the plant can grow well
Deprivition leads to minimal growth / plant death
Nitrogen is also needed to make chlorophyll

To remember :

Farmers test the soil in their field to find out which minerals are lacking in each part of the field
Farmers can use GPS - Shows the farmer where he is in the field, results of soil tests.

EXTRA INFORMATION

ENZYMES :

Definitions

plant ENZYMES

Plant enzymes are biological proteins produced by plants that catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions within cells. They play crucial roles in various physiological and biochemical processes, such as photosynthesis.

They are made out of proteins ( amino acids )
They only work at optimum temperature
Low - Inactive enzymes
High - Denatured enzymes

RESPIRATION

It is the opposite of photosynthesis
Chemical formula : Oxygen + glucose = adenoise triphosphate + carbondioxide + water
Plants respire when there is no sunlight to photosynthesize

RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

To remember :

The rate of photosynthesis is dependent on various factors, such as :

EXTERNAL ( things that affect the rate of photosynthesis that are not inside or part of the plant ): 1. light intensity, 2. Carbon dioxide concentration, 3. Temperature

INTERNAL( things that affect the rate of photosynthesis that are inside or part of the plant ): Chlorophyll

To remember :

Chemical formula for photosynthesis : 6co2 + 6H2o ^{Light energy}= C6H12O6 + 6o₂

_{CELL STRUCTURE :}

Biology - Photosynthesis.

Explanation : The chlorophyll in the chloroplast of the plants, absorbs the sun's energy and helps carbon dioxide ( which comes from the air ), and water ( which comes from the soil ), to react together, converting light energy into chemical energy. This then produces glucose and oxygen and provides energy for the plant.
Plants use :

Water - they get it from the soil ( by the vascular system )
Energy - from the sunlight
Carbon Dioxide - From the air

CHLOROPHYLL :

The energy in sunlight is captured by a green pigment called chlorophyll
It helps carbon dioxide and water to react together
It is kept in the chloroplast of cells

Definitions

Photosynthesis

To remember :

Word equation : Water + carbon dioxide ^{light energy}= Glucose + oxygen

EXPERIMENTS - 1: COLLECTING GAS PRODUCED

Explanation :

Fill a beaker with water
Place a water plant, and gently put a funnel on top
invert a test tube and place it on top of the other side of the funell
Leave it for a day
When gas has collected, remove the tube from the top of the funell
Put your thumb on the end to keep the gas inside, remove the water, but move your thumb just a bit, so that the gas still stays inside
Place a stopper, light a splint ( blow it out ), then test the gas with the splint, it will relight in the presence of oxygen.

REMEMBER: KEEP THE PLANT IN SUNLIGHT

EXPERIMENT 1

EXPERIMENT 2 : INVESTIGATING LIGHT INTENSITY

Method :

Place a water plant in a test tube filled with water
Place a lamp 5 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Place a lamp 10 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Place a lamp 15 cm away from the tube, wait for 2 mins and count the number of bubbles produced
Notice how more bubbles are produced when the light source is closer
Conclusion : More light = + Rate Of Photosynthesis

WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IMPORTANT

Photosynthesis provides energy in the form of chemical energy ( in nutrients ) for most other organisms, and is the foundation of the food chain ( producers )
Oxygen is a waste product of the process photosynthesis - it is needed for human beings to respire
It regulates the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
It is an energy source for plants, so that can grow

Chloroplasts and chlorophyll

To remember :

Chlorophyll: captures energy from sunlight
It is kept in chloroplasts inside plant cells
Photosynthesis happens inside chloroplasts
Leaves have the most chloroplasts
Sometimes, plants make more glucose than they require, so they store it In the form of starch ( inside chloroplasts )
REMEMBER : Plants store glucose as starch as it is difficult to store, because it is a simple sugar - Dissolves in water easily - Will transpirate out of the plant with ease

EXPERIMENT 3 - TESTING FOR STARCH

Method :

Put some water in a beaker, and heat the water on a tripod
Take a healthy plant leaf and drop it in the water
Leave it for 2 mins, they collect ethanol in a large test tube
carefully drop the leaf into the test tube with ethanol
Stand the tube in hot water, the green pigment of the leaf should come out
Take the leaf out and dip it into warm water ( soften it )
Spread iodine solution over the leaf, if it has starch, it will go blue - black

To remember :

Iodine solution cannot get through cell membranes, this is why we boil the leaf ( it breaks the membrane apart ), so that the iodine can work.

Experiment 3

To remember :

chloroplasts are mainly inside the cells in the middle layers of the leaf - leaves are thin, so its easy for sunlight to reach these cells

STOMATA

Tiny holes in the leaf, which allow gasses to diffuse in and out.

MINERALS AND GROWTH

Why do farmers add fertilizer ?

They add it as, it helps the plant to grow larger, and farmers to produce a higher yield
Fertilizers contain minerals, that plants need in small quantities
When the soil doesn't contain enough, fertilizer needs to be added

Yield

In agriculture, "yield" refers to the quantity of product harvested.,

MAGNESIUM V.S NITRATE

MAGNESIUM :

Needed to make chlorophyll
Deprivition leads to yellow leaves, and bad growth

NITRATE :

Needed so that the plant can convert carbohydrates to proteins
Proteins are needed to make new cells,so the plant can grow well
Deprivition leads to minimal growth / plant death
Nitrogen is also needed to make chlorophyll

To remember :

Farmers test the soil in their field to find out which minerals are lacking in each part of the field
Farmers can use GPS - Shows the farmer where he is in the field, results of soil tests.

EXTRA INFORMATION

ENZYMES :

Definitions

plant ENZYMES

They are made out of proteins ( amino acids )
They only work at optimum temperature
Low - Inactive enzymes
High - Denatured enzymes

RESPIRATION

It is the opposite of photosynthesis
Chemical formula : Oxygen + glucose = adenoise triphosphate + carbondioxide + water
Plants respire when there is no sunlight to photosynthesize

RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

To remember :

The rate of photosynthesis is dependent on various factors, such as :

EXTERNAL ( things that affect the rate of photosynthesis that are not inside or part of the plant ): 1. light intensity, 2. Carbon dioxide concentration, 3. Temperature

INTERNAL( things that affect the rate of photosynthesis that are inside or part of the plant ): Chlorophyll

To remember :

Chemical formula for photosynthesis : 6co2 + 6H2o ^{Light energy}= C6H12O6 + 6o₂

_{CELL STRUCTURE :}

BIOLOGY

Biology - Photosynthesis.

Definitions

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EXTRA INFORMATION

Definitions

RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

To remember :

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BIOLOGY

Biology - Photosynthesis.

Definitions

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EXTRA INFORMATION

Definitions

RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

To remember :

To remember :