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LLCSE
1ère année
A1FG001 - D - LINGUISTIC GRAMMAR - Verbs - PART I
Linguistique
Definition
VERB
A word used to describe an action, state or occurence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
1/ SHAPES
The root of a verb can take different shapes (addition of morphemes) that can give additional informations about it:
NUMBER
: Is it singular or plural? Ex: He speak
s
=> singular / We speak: plural
GENDER
: There is no gender mark that we can add to a word in English, but in some languages, like French, gender exists (le suffixe "e" en français)
PERSON
:
1st person => I / We
2nd person => You
3rd person => He / They
2/ FORMS
TENSE
:
PRESENT
: BASE + 0 or BASE + -s at 3rd singular (he/she/it)
PAST
: BASE + tense mark (-ed etc...)
FUTURE
: WILL + BASE
ASPECT
:
SIMPLE
: expression of a habit, short in time
PROGRESSIVE
: Action that takes place during the speech, lasts in time
PERFECTIVE
: When it has a definite start or end
IMPERFECTIVE
: No precise/definite start or end
MOOD
:
INDICATIVE
= ACTUAL = REALIS => Expresses something real, that is actually happening
Declarative = You are going
Indicative = You go
Affirmative = Yes, I did/do
Negative = No, I won't
SUBJONCTIF
= HYPOTHETICAL = IRREALIS => Expresses something hypothetical, that we would like/dislike, or will possibly do.
Conditional = If I were to go there, I would have ...
Imperative = Go !
Potential
Optative
VOICE :
ACTIVE
= The verb has a clear actor. It is called "
AGENT
". X + Verb + Y
PASSIVE
= The verb lacks of a clear actor. If "AGENT" is unknown, then we have a form of
Y + be + past participle.
LLCSE
1ère année
A1FG001 - D - LINGUISTIC GRAMMAR - Verbs - PART I
Linguistique
Definition
VERB
A word used to describe an action, state or occurence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
1/ SHAPES
The root of a verb can take different shapes (addition of morphemes) that can give additional informations about it:
NUMBER
: Is it singular or plural? Ex: He speak
s
=> singular / We speak: plural
GENDER
: There is no gender mark that we can add to a word in English, but in some languages, like French, gender exists (le suffixe "e" en français)
PERSON
:
1st person => I / We
2nd person => You
3rd person => He / They
2/ FORMS
TENSE
:
PRESENT
: BASE + 0 or BASE + -s at 3rd singular (he/she/it)
PAST
: BASE + tense mark (-ed etc...)
FUTURE
: WILL + BASE
ASPECT
:
SIMPLE
: expression of a habit, short in time
PROGRESSIVE
: Action that takes place during the speech, lasts in time
PERFECTIVE
: When it has a definite start or end
IMPERFECTIVE
: No precise/definite start or end
MOOD
:
INDICATIVE
= ACTUAL = REALIS => Expresses something real, that is actually happening
Declarative = You are going
Indicative = You go
Affirmative = Yes, I did/do
Negative = No, I won't
SUBJONCTIF
= HYPOTHETICAL = IRREALIS => Expresses something hypothetical, that we would like/dislike, or will possibly do.
Conditional = If I were to go there, I would have ...
Imperative = Go !
Potential
Optative
VOICE :
ACTIVE
= The verb has a clear actor. It is called "
AGENT
". X + Verb + Y
PASSIVE
= The verb lacks of a clear actor. If "AGENT" is unknown, then we have a form of
Y + be + past participle.