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LLCSE
1ère année

A1FG001 - D - LINGUISTIC GRAMMAR - Verbs - PART I

Linguistique

Definition

VERB
A word used to describe an action, state or occurence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.

1/ SHAPES


The root of a verb can take different shapes (addition of morphemes) that can give additional informations about it:


  • NUMBER: Is it singular or plural? Ex: He speaks => singular / We speak: plural
  • GENDER: There is no gender mark that we can add to a word in English, but in some languages, like French, gender exists (le suffixe "e" en français)
  • PERSON:
  1. 1st person => I / We
  2. 2nd person => You
  3. 3rd person => He / They


2/ FORMS


  • TENSE :
  1. PRESENT : BASE + 0 or BASE + -s at 3rd singular (he/she/it)
  2. PAST: BASE + tense mark (-ed etc...)
  3. FUTURE : WILL + BASE


  • ASPECT :
  1. SIMPLE : expression of a habit, short in time
  2. PROGRESSIVE: Action that takes place during the speech, lasts in time


  1. PERFECTIVE : When it has a definite start or end
  2. IMPERFECTIVE : No precise/definite start or end


  • MOOD :


  • INDICATIVE = ACTUAL = REALIS => Expresses something real, that is actually happening
  1. Declarative = You are going
  2. Indicative = You go
  3. Affirmative = Yes, I did/do
  4. Negative = No, I won't


  • SUBJONCTIF = HYPOTHETICAL = IRREALIS => Expresses something hypothetical, that we would like/dislike, or will possibly do.
  1. Conditional = If I were to go there, I would have ...
  2. Imperative = Go !
  3. Potential
  4. Optative


  • VOICE :
  1. ACTIVE = The verb has a clear actor. It is called "AGENT". X + Verb + Y
  2. PASSIVE = The verb lacks of a clear actor. If "AGENT" is unknown, then we have a form of Y + be + past participle.



LLCSE
1ère année

A1FG001 - D - LINGUISTIC GRAMMAR - Verbs - PART I

Linguistique

Definition

VERB
A word used to describe an action, state or occurence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.

1/ SHAPES


The root of a verb can take different shapes (addition of morphemes) that can give additional informations about it:


  • NUMBER: Is it singular or plural? Ex: He speaks => singular / We speak: plural
  • GENDER: There is no gender mark that we can add to a word in English, but in some languages, like French, gender exists (le suffixe "e" en français)
  • PERSON:
  1. 1st person => I / We
  2. 2nd person => You
  3. 3rd person => He / They


2/ FORMS


  • TENSE :
  1. PRESENT : BASE + 0 or BASE + -s at 3rd singular (he/she/it)
  2. PAST: BASE + tense mark (-ed etc...)
  3. FUTURE : WILL + BASE


  • ASPECT :
  1. SIMPLE : expression of a habit, short in time
  2. PROGRESSIVE: Action that takes place during the speech, lasts in time


  1. PERFECTIVE : When it has a definite start or end
  2. IMPERFECTIVE : No precise/definite start or end


  • MOOD :


  • INDICATIVE = ACTUAL = REALIS => Expresses something real, that is actually happening
  1. Declarative = You are going
  2. Indicative = You go
  3. Affirmative = Yes, I did/do
  4. Negative = No, I won't


  • SUBJONCTIF = HYPOTHETICAL = IRREALIS => Expresses something hypothetical, that we would like/dislike, or will possibly do.
  1. Conditional = If I were to go there, I would have ...
  2. Imperative = Go !
  3. Potential
  4. Optative


  • VOICE :
  1. ACTIVE = The verb has a clear actor. It is called "AGENT". X + Verb + Y
  2. PASSIVE = The verb lacks of a clear actor. If "AGENT" is unknown, then we have a form of Y + be + past participle.



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